Genetically modified (GM) crops are widely used around the world, but their effects on the environment need to be explored more.

New research, published in Science on August 30, 2024, takes a look at common genetic modifications in four crops: soybean, corn, cotton, and canola. Although GM crops can produce more yield and profits, it can lead to changes in agricultural practices that could inadvertently impact the environment.

For example, farmers may increase pesticide use as crops become more resistant to herbicides or insect pests.  

“Increasing land productivity in the form of greater crop yields can make agricultural land more profitable overall, which can encourage agricultural expansion,” explains co-author Eduardo Souza-Rodrigues, an associate professor and associate chair with the Department of Economics at University of Toronto Mississauga. “However, increased supply may then reduce crop prices, which decreases the conversion of additional land to agriculture elsewhere. These changes have the potential to cause deforestation, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and impacts to human health, and biodiversity.”

“Although we have made progress in understanding the impact GM crops have on our environment, there are much more uncertainties that need to be studied to support good farming practices that are better for the environment,” Souza-Rodrigues continued.

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The study concludes more research is needed to understand the long-term effects of GM crops on large-scale agricultural practices and resistant pests. Gathering more detailed environmental data, especially about wildlife, will better measure their impacts and support farming practices that promote sustainable agriculture.