In the late 1990s in the Ajimu region of Japan’s Oita prefecture, researchers discovered three fossilized vertebrae belonging to the Cryptobranchidae family of giant salamander. These were embedded in the Tsubusugawa Formation, Pliocene-era strata of lake deposits dating back approximately 3.5 million years. The strata have also yielded fossils of animals that no longer roam Japan, such as elephants and crocodiles, revealing a glimpse of an era much warmer and humid than Japan’s current climate.

Researchers originally assigned the three Ajimu specimens to the genus Andrias, which includes the world’s largest living amphibians, but at the time, a lack of comparative specimens and research prevented their precise taxonomic identification. Now, more than two decades later, a new research team at Kyoto University has succeeded in shedding more light on these mysterious fossils.

After comparing the Ajimu specimens to the skeletons of extant Cryptobranchidae species, the team found that the three fossils belonged to an anterior trunk vertebra, a mid-trunk vertebra, and a sacro-caudal vertebra. Further comparisons revealed that the mid-trunk vertebra possessed unique morphological characteristics not seen in other Cryptobranchidae species. This led the researchers to conclude that the Ajimu specimens represent a new species and genus.

“Ajimu contains the only site where fossils of giant salamander and extant genera have been found,” says Masahiro Noda.

The team named the new species Limnospondylus ajimuensis, derived from the Greek words limne for lake and spondylos for vertebra, with ajimuensis referencing Ajimu. This species of giant salamander inhabited the extensive freshwater lake and marsh environments that characterized the island of Kyushu a few million years ago, and may have reached a length of approximately 1.1 meters by adulthood.

To date, only five genera of the Cryptobranchidae family have been described, so the discovery of a previously unknown genus represents a significant breakthrough highlighting giant salamander diversity. Fossils belonging to the Cryptobranchidae family have been found across the Northern Hemisphere, but the lack of sufficient knowledge for accurate identification led to many of them being classified under the extant genus Andrias. This study suggests that other fossils may be hiding numbers of previously unknown species.

Climactic cooling during the transition from the Pliocene to the early Pleistocene and subsequent habitat changes may have contributed to the extinction of Limnospondylus ajimuensis. But its cousin Andrias japonicus, the Japanese giant salamander, still inhabits the rivers flowing through the Ajimu region and other parts of Japan.

“Japan’s native giant salamanders face challenges including hybridization with foreign species,” Noda notes.

---

Journal: PeerJ
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.21362
Article Title: A new genus of giant salamander (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae) from the Pliocene of Japan
Publication Date: 3-Jun-2026

Source: EurekAlert / Kyoto University