Itโs a truth universally acknowledged that most teenagers, at one time or another, will hide information from their parents. Some will lie outright.
Yet, when they do lieโdo they plan to fib ahead of time? What about when they share informationโdo they do so voluntarily? And do they employ the same (mis)information strategies every time when they do something, or plan on doing something that they know their parents wonโt be happy about?
Of course, lying is not exclusive to adolescents. โMost people lie. Often more than once a day,โ clarifies Judith Smetana, a professor of psychology at the University of Rochester.
But while we all regularly engage in social liesโโcute dressโ; โI like the new haircutโ; โsorry, we have a prior engagementโโteens also often lie about their routine activities, such as where they were, with whom, and what they were doing.
In a recent study, published in the Journal of Adolescence, Smetana and two University of Rochester psychology graduate students, Sduduzo Mncwabe and Yuejiao Li, explored the narratives of 131 teenagers and college students who had been interviewed about a time when they did something that their parents disagreed with or had expressly forbidden. Study participants were asked about each of these three scenarios: a time when they subsequently disclosed (part or all of it), concealed, or lied about an activity that their parents disapproved of.
The team coded the narrated interviews for voluntariness, timing, consistency, and lessons learned. Part of the research addressed the frequent assumption that disclosure is voluntary, i.e. that teens who tell part or the whole truth do so on their own volition. โBut thatโs not always the case, which is what we suspected and, indeed, found,โ says Smetana.
As most parents knowโand which has been shown in prior researchโas children become teenagers, their willingness to share information and keep parents in the loop declines, while secrecy increases.
โPartly, thatโs about autonomy development, and teens doing what they want to do, even if it involves risky behavior,โ says Smetana.
Key Findings
[[insert here pie chart: University of Rochester graphic / Julia Josphe]]
Teenagers disclose information to their parents primarily voluntarily (40 percent), or strategically (47 percent)โeither as a means to an end, such as telling the truth about a party to which they may need a ride, or preemptively because they suspect their parents will find out anyway.
โItโs significant,โ that only 40 percent of study participants disclosed the salient information of their own volitionโโfar lessโ than what had been commonly assumed, says Smetana.
Involuntary truth telling or involuntary disclosing, the team found, is much less frequent (13 percent), and could involve a friendโs spilling the beans accidentally, a teenโs getting a tattoo that is eventually seen by parents, or by getting pressured by parents to tell.
Timing plays a crucial role: adolescents were more likely to lie (53 percent) before the event or action that their parents would not condone. However, telling the truth or disclosing the information occurred more often afterthey had already engaged in the parentally disapproved activity (35 percent disclosed the dodgy activity shortly afterwards, 8 percent lied for an extended time before coming clean, and 23 percent told the truth at some unspecified time).
Unsurprisingly (to any parent of teenagers), the teens in the study proved nimble in their approaches: they typically reported additional strategies besides the ones the researchers were specifically asking about, using multiple strategies around the same event.
โDisclosure may not be the first thing they do. Maybe they tried to get away with it without telling their parents. Or maybe they concealed first, and then they disclosed. Itโs really shades of grayโusually not black and white,โ says Smetana.
Telling the truth voluntarily is linked to personal growth
Study participants were asked what, if anything, they had learned from their recounted experiences of disclosure and lying. Not all proved good ones, says Smetana. โThe lesson learned about lying could be, โIโm a good liar!โ And we did get some of that.โ
Overall, the researchers found that, regardless of age, telling the truth (or part of it) voluntarily was associated with teensโ reporting positive change, such as greater psychological growth in understanding themselves, their purpose, self-efficacy, or connections to others and parents. When it came to experiences of truth telling, the team noticed that the disclosure narratives contained more motives, intentions, and desiresโcompared to the teensโ narratives about concealment or lying.
โThey had a better psychological understanding of themselves and made more psychological meaning out of disclosure, than out of concealment or lying,โ says Smetana.
Conversely, teenagers drew more negative conclusions when retelling experiences of lying, such as more negative views and less clarity about themselves, more negative emotions, or poorer selfโimage. Additionally, disclosing afterโrather than beforeโthe narrated event was associated with greater likelihood of lessons learned about the self.
Advice for parents
According to Smetana, researchers used to think that parents who monitor their childrenโwho have firm rules and ask their kids what they are up toโwould be able to keep their offspring out of trouble. More recent research, however, indicates that parental monitoring doesnโt improve parentsโ knowledge of their childrenโs lives. Instead, it all comes down to the teensโ willingness to share information.
โDo whatever you can to be responsive and keep the lines of communication open so that your kids will tell you voluntarily, not under pressure,โ says Smetana.
The key to sharing pertinent information are warm, trusting parent-child relationships that develop prior to adolescence and continue throughout life. There are some things teens choose not to disclose because they see the issues as personal and privateโnot the parentโs business, notes Smetana. To some extent thatโs ok, she says, because it helps foster teen autonomy. But parents and teenagers often differ on what is private and should be up to the teen to decideโversus what parents need to know to keep their teens safe. Adolescents may not tell parents about risky behavior, for example, because they are afraid theyโll get in trouble, or that their parents will think less of them.
โThis is where trust and good communication are especially important, because it might mitigate parentsโ negative responses,โ says Smetana. โHaving a good relationship with your teen fosters disclosure. Itโs not a quick fix.โ
IMAGE CREDIT: cottonbro studio
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